UNIT 1:
Theory of Measurement: Introduction, Characteristics of Instruments and measurement systems (Static &Dynamic) Error analysis: Sources, types and statistical analysis. Instrument Calibration: Comparison Method. DC and AC Ammeter, DC Voltmeter- Chopper type and solidstate, AC voltmeter using Rectifier. Average, RMS, Peak responding voltmeters, Multi-meter, Power meter, Bolometer and Calorimeter.

UNIT 2:
CRO: Different parts of CRO, Block diagram, Electrostatic focusing, Electrostatic deflection, Post deflection acceleration. Screen for CRTs, Graticules, Vertical and Horizontal deflection system, Time base circuit, Oscilloscope Probes, Applications of CRO, Special purpose CROs- Multi input, Dual trace, Dual beam, Sampling, Storage (Analog and Digital) Oscilloscope
Bridges :Maxwell’s bridge (Inductance and Inductance-Capacitance), Hay’s bridge, Schering bridge (High voltage and Relative permittivity), Wein bridge. Impedance measurement by Qmeter

UNIT 3:
(Transducer): Classification of Transducers, Strain gauge, Displacement Transducer Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT) and Rotary Variable Differential Transformer (RVDT), Temperature Transducer- Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD), Thermistor, Thermocouple, Piezo-electric transducer, Optical Transducer- Photo emissive, Photo conductive, Photo voltaic, Photo-diode, Photo Transistor

UNIT 4:
Signal and Function Generators, Sweep Frequency Generator, Pulse and Square Wave Generator, Beat Frequency Oscillator, Digital display system and indicators, Classification of Displays, Display devices: Light Emitting diodes (LED) and Liquid Crystal Display(LCD).

UNIT 5:
Advantages of Digital Instrument over Analog Instrument, Digital-to-analog conversion (DAC) - Variable resistive type, R-2R ladder Type, Binary ladder, Weighted converter using Op-amp and transistor, Practical DAC. Analog-todigital Conversion (ADC) - Ramp Technique, Dual Slope Integrating Type, Integrating Type (voltage to frequency), Successive Approximations. Digital voltmeters and multi-meters, Resolution and sensitivity of digital multi-meter.